Avenues for the Primary Prevention of Breast Cancer in the Second Millennium
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36570/jduhs.2021.3.1569Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) has recently surpassed lung canceras the most frequently diagnosed cancer worldwide,with an estimated 19.3 million new cases and almost 10 1 million deaths occurring in 2020. A steady ascension in BC incidence has been a remarkable feature in cancer epidemiology for almost a century, and has been reported in richer as well as poorer communities all over the world. This trend is no doubt associated with the ageing of the global population: “Each one-year increase of population ageing (is) associated with a nearly ½ year increase of age at BC diagnosis.
Downloads
References
Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray F. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. Cancer: A Cancer J for Clin. 2021; 71(3):209-49. DOI: 10.3322/caac.21660.
Bidoli E, Virdone S, Hamdi-Cherif M, et al. Worldwide age at onset of female breast cancer: A 25-year population-based cancer registry study. Scientific Reports 2019; 9(1):14111. Published 2019 Oct 1. DOI:10.1038/s41598-019-50680-5
American Cancer Society (ACS). Breast cancer in men. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer-in-men.html. Site consulted on 10/30/2021.
Wiley AS. Milk intake and total dairy consumption: associations with early menarche in NHANES 1999-2004. PLoS One. 2011; 14;6(2):e14685. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014685.
Rah JH, Shamim AA, Arju UT, Labrique AB, Rashid M, Christian P. Age of onset, nutritional determinants, and seasonal variations in menarche in rural Bangladesh. J Health Popul Nutr. 2009; 27(6):802-7. DOI: 10.3329/jhpn.v27i6.4332.
Abdou LW, Daou KN, Bou-Orm IR, Adib SM. Is menarche occurring earlier among Lebanese girls? Revue d’Epidemiologie et de Santé Publique 2019; DOI: 10.1016/j.respe.2019.07.007
Damiano SR, Hart LM, Paxton SJ. Development and validation of parenting measures for body image and eating patterns in childhood. J Eat Disord. 2015; 3:5. DOI: 10.1186/s40337-015-0043-5.
Shoraka H, Amirkafi A, Garrusi B. Review of body image and some of contributing factors in Iranian population. Int J Prev Med. 2019; 10:19-29. DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_293_18.
Munsell MF, Sprague BL, Berry DA, Chisholm G, Trentham-Dietz A. Body mass index and breast cancer risk according to postmenopausal estrogen-progestin use and hormone receptor status. Epidemiol Rev. 2014; 36(1):114-36. DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxt010.
Chlebowski RT. Nutrition and physical activity influence on breast cancer incidence and outcome. Breast. 2013; 22 Suppl 2:S30-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2013.07.006.
Clinton SK, Giovannucci EL, Hursting SD. The World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research Third Expert Report on Diet, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Cancer: Impact and Future Directions. J Nutr. 2020; 150(4):663-71. DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz268.
Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Alcohol, tobacco and breast cancer--collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 58,515 women with breast cancer and 95,067 women without the disease. Br J Cancer. 2002; 87(11):1234-45. DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600596.
Gray JM, Rasanayagam S, Engel C, Rizzo J. State of the evidence 2017: An update on the connection between breast cancer and the environment. Environ Health. 2017; 16(1):94-155. DOI:10.1186/s12940-017-0287-4.
Titus-Ernstoff L, Hatch EE, Hoover RN, Palmer J, Greenberg ER, Ricker W, Kaufman R, Noller K, Herbst AL, Colton T, Hartge P. Long-term cancer risk in women given diethylstilbestrol (DES) during pregnancy. Br J Cancer. 2001; 84(1):126-33. DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1521.
Althuis MD, Brogan DR, Coates RJ, Daling JR, Gammon MD, Malone KE, et al. Hormonal content and potency of oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk among young women. Br J Cancer 2003; 88:50–7.
Dai Q, Liu B, Du Y. Meta-analysis of the risk factors of breast cancer concerning reproductive factors and oral contraceptive use. Front Med China 2009; 3:452–8.
Kumle M, Weiderpass E, Braaten T, Persson I, Adami H-O, Lund E. Use of oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk: The Norwegian-Swedish Women’s Lifestyle and Health cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2002; 11:1375–81.
Holmberg L, Anderson H, HABITS steering and data monitoring committees. HABITS (hormonal replacement therapy after breast cancer—is it safe?), a randomized comparison: Trial stopped. Lancet 2004; 363:453–5. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15493-7
Million Women Study Collaborators. Breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy in the million women study. Lancet 2003; 362:419–27.
McCrudden CM, McCarthy HO. Current status of gene therapy for breast cancer: progress and challenges. Appl Clin Genet. 2014; 7:209-20. DOI: 10.2147/TACG.S54992
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Salim Adib
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Articles published in the Journal of Dow University of Health Sciences are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc/4.0/. This license permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium; provided the original work is properly cited and initial publication in this journal.